SMAD, mothers against DPP homolog 2 Adenovirus

Mammalian homologs of the Drosophila Mad gene include Smad1 (also designated Madr1 or JV4-1), Smad2 (also designated Madr2 or JV18-1), Smad3, Smad4 (also designated DPC4), Smad5, Smad6, Smad7 and Smad8 (also designated Smad9). Smad1 and Smad5 are effectors of BMP2 and BMP4 function while Smad2 and Smad3 are involved in TGFb and activin-mediated growth modulation. Smad4 is required for all of the above activities and necessitates FAST-1 for DNA binding. Smad6 and Smad7 regulate the response to activin/ TGF-beta signaling by interfering with TGF-beta-mediated phosphorylation of other Smad family members.